Why stimulants for adhd




















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You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Amy F T Arnsten. Reprints and Permissions.

Arnsten, A. Neuropsychopharmacol 31, — Download citation. Received : 17 January Revised : 15 March Accepted : 21 March Published : 19 July Issue Date : 01 November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Abstract Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are currently the most common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.

Figure 1. Full size image. Norepinephrine As with dopamine, moderate levels of NE are critical for proper prefrontal cortical function, whereas high levels released during stress impair prefrontal cortical function.

Figure 2. SUMMARY Thanks to the patient work of Kuczenski and Segal , the correct path has been illumined to pursue the neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of stimulant medications in rodent models. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. About this article Cite this article Arnsten, A. Copy to clipboard. Further reading Brain micro-architecture and disinhibition: a latent phenotyping study across 33 impulsive and compulsive behaviours Rafa Romero-Garcia , Roxanne W.

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Using a prescription stimulant in the ways mentioned above can develop into a substance use disorder SUD or addiction. Longer-term use of these types of medications can create a higher level of tolerance. This means that greater or more frequent dosages of the drug are needed in order to achieve the same effect. Mental health professionals will likely diagnosis individuals with a SUD when their drug use substantially interferes with everyday activities. SUD and addiction are serious issues that should be fully discussed with a trained mental health provider.

However, much like other medications, there are risks and side effects that are associated with using these drugs. Before starting any new treatment regiment, it is important to have all of the facts. Seek the advice of a trained and experienced psych behavioral health professional. A professional mental health center can also help individuals understand what insurance options are available for these treatments. Their main office phone number is To correspond through email, please click HERE.

They have the longest track record for treating ADHD and the most research to back up their effectiveness. The stimulant class of medication includes widely used drugs such as Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine.

Stimulants are believed to work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with motivation, pleasure, attention, and movement.

For many people with ADHD, stimulant medications boost concentration and focus while reducing hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. Stimulants for ADHD come in both short- and long-acting dosages. Short-acting stimulants peak after several hours, and must be taken times a day.

Long-acting or extended-release stimulants last hours, and are usually taken just once a day. Taking just one dose a day is much easier and more convenient. Stimulant medications may also cause personality changes. Some people become withdrawn, listless, rigid, or less spontaneous and talkative. Others develop obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Since stimulants raise blood pressure and heart rate, many experts worry about the dangers of taking these ADHD drugs for extended periods.

Beyond the potential side effects, there are a number of safety concerns associated with the use of stimulant medications for ADHD. Effect on the developing brain. The long-term impact of ADHD medication on the youthful, developing brain is not yet known. Some researchers are concerned that the use of drugs such as Ritalin in children and teens might interfere with normal brain development. Heart-related problems. ADHD stimulant medications have been found to cause sudden death in children and adults with heart conditions.

The American Heart Association recommends that all individuals, including children, have a cardiac evaluation prior to starting a stimulant. An electrocardiogram is recommended if the person has a history of heart problems. Psychiatric problems. Stimulants for ADHD can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of hostility, aggression, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. People with a personal or family history of suicide, depression, or bipolar disorder are at a particularly high risk, and should be carefully monitored when taking stimulants.

Potential for abuse. Stimulant abuse is a growing problem, particularly among teens and young adults. College students take this medication for a boost when cramming for exams or pulling all-nighters. Others abuse stimulant meds for their weight-loss properties. Call your doctor right away if you or your child experience any of the following symptoms while taking stimulant medication for ADHD:. In addition to the traditional stimulant drugs, there are several other medications used to treat ADHD, including Strattera, atypical antidepressants, and certain blood pressure medications.

Unlike stimulants, which affect dopamine, Strattera boosts the levels of norepinephrine, a different brain chemical. Strattera is longer-acting than the stimulant drugs. Its effects last over 24 hours—making it a good option for those who have trouble getting started in the morning. Straterra can also cause insomnia and appetite suppression, but these side effects are more common in stimulants. Strattera may increase suicidal thoughts and actions in some people, especially children and younger adults who have bipolar disorder or depression in addition to ADHD.

Call the doctor immediately if your child shows agitation, irritability, suicidal thinking or behaviors, and unusual changes in behavior. Options include clonidine Catapres and guanfacine Tenex. But while these medications can be effective for hyperactivity, impulsivity, and aggression, they are less helpful when it comes to attention problems. Antidepressants for ADHD — For people suffering from both ADHD and depression, certain antidepressants , which target multiple neurotransmitters in the brain, may be prescribed.

Wellbutrin, also known by the generic name bupropion, is most widely used. Wellbutrin targets both norepinephrine and dopamine. Another option is the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Take your time to weigh the options. And if the medication is for your child, be sure to get their input in the decision-making process. Most importantly, trust your instincts and do what feels right to you.

For young children especially, medication should be viewed as a last resort, not the first course of treatment to try. Consulting with an ADHD specialist or an experienced psychiatrist can help you understand the pros and cons of medication.

Here are some questions to ask:. When deciding whether or not to put your child on medication, Jerome Schultz, Ph. There are many ways to help yourself or your child tackle the challenges of ADHD and lead a calmer, more productive life. With the right tips and tools, you can manage many of the symptoms of your ADHD on your own.



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