How do sp1 sp2 and sp3 differ

All the carbon atoms in an alkane are sp 3 hybridized with tetrahedral geometry. The carbons in alkenes and other atoms with a double bond are often sp 2 hybridized and have trigonal planar geometry.

The triple bond , on the other hand, is characteristic for alkynes where the carbon atoms are sp -hybridized. There a few common exceptions to what we have discussed about determining the hybridization state and they are mostly related to the method where we look at the bonding type of the atom. For example, in the carbon dioxide CO 2 , the carbon has two double bonds, but it is sp -hybridized. And the reason for this is the fact that the steric number of the carbon is two there are only two atoms of oxygen connected to it and in order to keep two atoms at o , which is the optimal geometry, the carbon needs to use two identical orbitals.

This is only possible in the sp hybridization. The other two 2p orbitals are used for making the double bonds on each side of the carbon. Here the carbon has only single bonds and it may look like it is supposed to be sp 3 hybridized.

However, the carbon in these type of carbocations is sp 2 hybridized. Hence, this results in 4 new hybrid orbitals. These new hybrid orbitals arrange in a tetrahedral arrangement with Sp hybridization is the simplest form of hybridization in which an s orbital overlaps with a p orbital to form two new sp orbitals, and an Sp2 hybridization is a form of orbital hybridization in which one s orbital overlaps with two p orbitals to form three new hybrid orbitals whereas Sp3 hybridization is a form of orbital hybridization in which one s orbital overlaps with three p orbitals.

This is the fundamental difference between sp sp2 and sp3 hybrid orbitals. Moreover, each of the new hybrid orbitals that form in these three forms of hybridizations has different s orbital characteristics because the s orbitals mix with different numbers of p orbitals. Therefore they have different p orbital characteristics as well. Moreover, each hybridization leaves different numbers of un-hybridized orbitals.

For example, the sp hybridization involves only 1 p atomic orbitals. Thus, it leaves two un-hybridized p atomic orbitals. The below infographic shows a detailed side by side comparison on the difference between sp sp2 and sp3 hybridization.

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